EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY NOTES
INTRODUCTION
This is the age of technology. Its influence is being reflected in all productive endeavors. Education, being a developmental endeavour aiming at raising the level of productivity of a nation, has been very much influenced by the message of technology. Educational Technology is an approach helpful to improve and innovate education, and vitalize the teaching learning process. It makes education more productive and more individualistic. It gives instruction a scientific base, makes instruction more powerful, makes learning more immediate and provides equal access to education.
1. TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF EDUCATION
Technology in Education is the application of technology to any process of educational enterprises. It is a process of using the technological advancement in terms of various equipments, materials, and machines for educational purposes. It involves the increasingly complex range of audiovisual equipment, sophisticated electronic devices like projectors, films, radio, TV, tape recorder, computers etc for individualized and group learning. Even when we consider educational technology as an approach leading to productive education, we should not under estimate the application of modern technological gadgets like the computer, LCD projector, internet facilities etc in the field of teaching –learning instruction. Such application of technological machines in education is often conceived as ‘Technology in Education.’
Technology of education refers to the principles and techniques teacher use in making learning effective- like giving reinforcement, making class child centred etc.
1.1 Definition of Educational Technology
“Educational Technology defined as development, application, and evaluation of systems, techniques, and aids to improve the process of human learning” - NCERT
“Educational Technology may be defined as the application of the law as well as recent discoveries of science and technology to the process of education” - S.S. Kulkarni
“Educational Technology is the application of scientific method and techniques to education” - B.P Lulla
1.2 Scope of Educational Technology
- Spelling out Educational goals and Objectives.
Help for the formulation of objectives and goals of education based on individualized and social needs. - Curriculum Development.
Planning of curricular and co-curricular inputs in order to realize planned goals and objectives. - Developing Teaching-Learning materials and Resources.
Develops necessary learning materials in the form of programmed learning books, computer learning packages, mass media instruction, individualized self-instructional packages etc. - Developing Human resources.
Educational Technology covers the area of teacher education. - Developing Strategies.
Teaching strategies, approaches and methods are devised and developed catering to different types of students. - Developing Multi-Sensory Aids
Design, development of audio visual aids. - Feedback Mechanism and Modification.
Educational Technology develops tool of evaluation to provide feedback. - Develops Passive Instruction Services.
Educational radio, TV, computers are used for transmitting information. They are passive services since all decisions are in the hands of the providers, i.e., what to be presented, for how long, in what sequence and when. - Develops Interactive Instruction Services.
ET tries to provide opportunities for the learner to control the pace, mode of presentation etc. eg. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI), Teleconferencing via Internet etc. - Develops Learning Environments
ET develops learning environment that are learner friendly. Eg. Simulation - Developing Information Resources.
ET bridging the gap between developments in Information Technology and Education. Information Resources : Eg. E-libraries, On line encyclopedia, World Wide Web, - Develops Communication Devices.
ET has developed communication devices for students who have mental capability to communicate, but are not able to speak. - To Reduce the Burden of Teachers.
ET supports the teacher in Teaching Learning Process
1.3 Objectives of Educational Technology
- Transmitting information
- Assisting the practice of specific skills
- Contribution to the provision of feedback.
- The need to reach out to maximum number of students.
- To offer greater opportunities for independent study
- To design, modify and develop appropriate equipment/aids suitable and relevant to the educational process.
- To identify the educational needs of the learner
- To identify the necessary teaching learning materials.
- To plan teaching strategies, models and methods as per the need and objectives.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of teaching strategy in terms of learning outcomes.
- To provide appropriate feedback to student as well as teachers.
- To modify the teaching learning process on the basis of feedback received.
2. APPROACHES IN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
A.A. Lemsdein (1964) has classified educational technology into three types or approaches. This is a Three-Tier Approaches to Educational Technology
* Hardware Approach * Software Approach * System Approach
2.1 Hardware Approach
- This approach implies the use of mechanical materials and equipments in education.
- This approach originated from Physical Science and engineering.
- Using technology in the process of education.
- This approach is a byproduct of the scientific and technological developments of the 20th century.
- In this approach the main feature is the use of audiovisual aids like charts, models, filmstrips, slides, audiocassettes, and sophisticated equipments like film projectors, OHP, slide projector, radio, tape recorder, LCD projector, CD players, DVD Players, TV, computer etc.
- This help for knowledge explosion.
- Helps in reaching out to large numbers and hence help in reducing expenses.
- It leads to an overall efficiency in the educational system.
- It adopts a Product-oriented Approach.
- Hardware Technology utilizes the products of Software Technology [such as teaching strategies, teaching learning material, etc.] for its functioning.
- Hardware technology has the potential to hand over the educational benefits to the mass with greater ease and economy.
2.2 Software Approach
- It is sometimes referred to as Teaching Technology, Instructional Technology or Behaviour Technology
- This approach implies the use of Psychological principles and learning theories in education.
- Originated from Behavioural Science.
- It is characterized by task analysis, writing objectives in behavioural terms, selection of appropriate learning strategies, reinforcement of correct responses and constant evaluation.
- In software approach, the Psychology of Learning is exploited for the production and utilization of software techniques and materials in terms of learning materials, teaching-learning strategies, tools of evaluation and other devices to soften and smoothen the task of teaching and learning.
- It includes Teaching Strategies, Learning Material, Evaluation Tools, Teaching Models, and Programmed Instruction etc.
- It is a Process-oriented Approach.
2.3 System Approach
- System approach is a systematic way of designing, implementation and evaluation of a process in terms of its desired objectives.
- System Approach involves accurate identification of the requirement of problem.
- System Approach is the setting of objectives after identifying their needs in performance-oriented terms.
- It is the application of logic and analysis of techniques to the problems.
- It is the development of methods for the solution of the problems and rigorous measurement of the product against specific performance objectives.
- Education is considered a complex organization of technical, managerial and institutional systems. Classroom, faculty, student groups, informal groups, etc. are other subsystem within. The instructional system has three parts: The Instructor, the Learner, and the goals of Instruction. The System- Approach to education, thus, considers education as an Input-Output System.
Conclusion
According to the view of Davies and Hartley education should be considered a system in which man, machines, methods, media and materials (5M’s) are inter related parts. These parts are organized in such a way that they work together in a per-planned manner for the fulfillment of specified educational objectives. Scientific inventions have influenced every aspect of human life and in the field of Education too. The modern technology is being used frequently in our teaching process and is employed to fulfill the three functions of education such as preservation, transmission and renewal of human culture. All these are made possible in the Education through hardware, software and system approach of educational technology.
Eric Ashby (1967) has identified four revolutions in education
The first revolution occurred when the task of educating the young was shifted, in part, from parents to teachers and from the home to the school.
v The second came with the adoption of the ‘written word as a tool of education’.
v The third came with the invention of the printing press and books.
v The fourth revolution, with the advent of electronics, and development in communication.
According to the Ashby “Any technology, which increases the rate of learning, would enable the teacher to teach less and the learner to learn more.”
Meaning of educational technology:
1) First meaning of educational technology
Educational technology is science on the basis of which various strategies and tactics could be designed for the realization of specified goals.
Educational technology involves four steps;
Ø Functional analysis of the teaching learning process to identify the various components which operate at the stage of input to that of the output.
Ø To explore the various functions of these components.
Ø To observe the effect of manipulating the various components and their functions in the field
Ø To translate all these research findings into some kind of guidelines for a practitioner
2) Second meaning of education technology:
The second meaning of educational technology is the mechanization of educational process. The mechanization is done in all the three process of human knowledge;
Preservation of knowledge: -
First knowledge was orally transmitted by teachers to their students.
But with the advent of printing machine knowledge is preserved in books.
Transmission of knowledge: -
A large numbers of students sitting at far distant places can be taught with the help of radio and television. The Open University, corresponding education are the major contributions of this innovation.
Advancement of human knowledge: -
The function of research process is to advance new knowledge. The scientific researches are encouraged in the present time because their findings are based on the collection of data.
3) Third meaning of educational technology:
Educational technology is the mediator, necessary for blending the science of learning with the art of teaching.
B.F.Skinner states that “no teacher can provide the frequency of reinforces or the necessary contingencies for optimal learning and that a teacher needs machine aid for this job.”
If technology is to serve a blending function for a science of learning and for art of teaching, it may also be seen as an attempt to apply the science of education. Silverman called this view-point ‘constructive Educational technology’. It is the basic educational application dealing with:
v The analysis of the instructional problems
v The selection or construction of measuring instrument.
v The selection of appropriate techniques to produce the desired outcome.
Another view point of Silverman is no Educational technology is called “Relative technology’ it is a burrowing and applying technology that merely deals with procedures and devices which gathers material.
Misconceptions of educational technology: -
Engineering technology and Educational technology:
Engineering technology is concerned with the manufacturing devices—hardware for education like, audio-video aids, television, computer, etc.
Audio-visual aids and Educational technology:
Audio-visual aids can be termed as hardware approach to educational technology. It can be used to make the lesson more interesting.
Teacher and Educational technology:
It is a usual comment about Educational technology that it will replace the human teacher.
Definition of educational technology:
“Educational technology is concerned with the development, application, and evaluation of systems, techniques and aids to improve the process of human learning.”
According to G.M.Leith, “Educational technology is a systematic application of scientific knowledge about teaching learning conditions of learning to improve the efficiency of teaching and training. In the absence of scientifically established principles, educational technology implements techniques of empirical testing to improve learning situations.”
According to B.C.Mathis: “educational technology refers to the development of a set of systematic methods, practical knowledge for designing, operating and testing schools.”
B.C.Mathis has emphasized the development of teaching methods and skills for testing the performance.
Robert Cox has defined the term educational technology in the following manner, “educational technology is an application of scientific process to man’s learning conditions to what has come recently to be called educational or instructional technology.”
E.E.Haddan defined educational technology as “Educational technology is that branch of educational theory and practice which is concerned primarily with the design and use of message which control the learning process.”
Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience
In an educational system learning experiences are provided to the students according to the objectives. There is gradation in the quality of the learning experiences provided to the students. All the learning experiences which can be utilized for classroom teaching are shown by Edgar Dale in a pictorial device- pinnacle form- which he called the ‘Cone of Experience’. If we go up the pinnacle from its base, we find every aid has been arranged in the order of increasing abstractness or decreasing directness. It may also be stated that the ‘Con’ classifies the audio-visual aids according to their effectiveness in communication. At the base of the cone as ‘most effective’- relative effect gradually decreases.
At the pinnacle of the ‘Cone’ the direct and purposeful experiences are represented. At the pinnacle of the ‘Cone’ the verbal symbols are represented.
- Direct, purposeful experience:
The experiences gained through senses are direct and purposeful. Purposeful means that the experience is better active with a purpose. Announce of experience is better than a tone of theory, simply because it is only as an experience that any theory has vital and verifiable significance.
- Contrived experience:
The simplification of the real object becomes necessary when the real thing cannot be perceived directly. The real object may be too bog or too minute; may be obscured or confused or concealed. Contrived experience is like a working model which is an editing of reality and differs from the original either in size or in complexity.
- Dramatic participation:
In which certain realities of the past we can get as close as possible. Dramatization are available in a verity of forms. The are the carefully rehearsed full length plays, complete with costumes and scenery. Proper costumes definitely heighten the effects of dramatization in three ways.
- It completes attention of the learner.
- It helps to identify the actor- young, old, type of work or profession of the character.
- It enables the actor to feel and play his role better.
Types of dramatized experience include the following :
- The play - A kind of drama vividly portrays important ideas related to social problems.
- The pageant - A kind of community drama.
- Pantomime - Actors do not speak or make movements.
- Tableau - Picture line scene in which all the characteristics stand still and silently.
- Demonstration of Experiments:
Certain complicated processes can be performed by the teacher for the benefit of pupil who are reduced to the position of passive observers. The demonstrations may be set up on a demonstration table which is usually kept in an elevated place, so that all can closely watch the demonstration. In Lecture- demonstration approach such demonstrations are interwoven with the lecture.
Eg: show by an experiment that the air exerts pressure.
Shoe how to pronounce a word.
- Field trips:
This forms the connecting link between the school and community. Numerous opportunities with as extensive array of materials are offered by the community which could very well be utilized for teaching. The teacher takes students to visit business, industrial and historical places etc.
- Exhibitions and museums:
When it is not flexible to go out into the community, it becomes exceedingly important that we bring the outside world into the classroom by means of exhibits and concrete representation of things. A well developed museum is not only as asset to that school but also a motivating and vital for the particular subject.
7. Motion pictures:
They are increasingly used by the teachers now-a-days. If these are carefully prepared and properly used in the classroom, the results obtained are quiet comparable with those of ordinary teaching motion pictures with sound system would yield good results in teaching all the subjects in the school curriculum.
There are some definite advantages of motion pictures to be used as teaching aids; some of these are as follows:
(i) They draw attention of the students.
(ii) They help to bring past to the class-room.
(iii) It is possible to reduce or enlarge the size of the object by using the machine.
(iv) They can be used to show a process which a naked human eye cannot see without its aid.
(v) They can be used to show a record of an event.
(vi) They can serve a large class at a time.
(vii) They provide a good aesthetic experience.
(viii) They help in understanding relationship between things, ideas and events.
- Radio recordings:
The advantage of radio as an educational aid are quiet numerous.Radio and communications is a career path that interests many young students. In order to give them an early start, it's best that radio learning take place in a classroom environment.Satyanarayana and Sesharatnam (2000) found that radio is useful in providing remedial tutorials, or some other forms of tutorial based feedback; providing corrections, alterations or updating of material, where print re-make budgets are limited, or where print cannot reach students quickly enough; recordings of naturally occurring events, e.g. political speech, children talking, concerts or performances, talks previously recorded for other than Open University proposes eyewitness interviews at historical events; presenting material in a dramatized form etc ;enabling students to perceive the different points of view that exist, and observe ideas being challenged, through discussion and interviews.
9. Still pictures, pictures, illustrations, stereographs, slides, film strips and micro projections:
These can either be projected on a screen by means of projection machines and accessory equipment or can be given for individual study.
- Designed materials / visual symbol:
Maps, charts, graphs, diagram and cartoon when properly employed tend to promote a keener interest and a better understanding of concepts.
- Verbal symbols:
This is the usual ‘chalk and talk’ method which requires great thinking. The words, ideas or concept or scientific principle expressed here has no resemblance to the objects for which they stand. Eg: “The word horse does not look like a horse or sound like a horse or feel like a horse.”
Merits of Dale’s Cone of Experience
1. It shows that all learning experiences in an increasing order of their effectiveness.
2. It makes teachers aware of different experiences and their relative values.
3. It is helpful to use deductive and inductive strategies.4. It shows that different teaching aids have different effect.5. The multi- sensory perception leads to core experience depends on the involvement of senses.
Limitations of dale’s Cone of Experience
1. It does not take into account the cognitive impact of different audio visual aids.
2. It does not provide scope for classifying new learning experiences.
3. It is based on hypothesis. It should not be taken as gospel truth.
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the learning process as a whole, until the teacher understands the relationship between audio visual material and teaching learning process.
Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of educational programs. It helps the process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation. Audio visual aids are multisensory materials which motivate and stimulate the individual. It makes dynamic learning experience more concrete realistic and clarity. It provides significant gains in thinking and reasoning.
Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quicken learning facilities for clear understanding.
Definitions
1. According to Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.
2. According to Burton: audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.
3. According to Edger Dale: audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are also termed as multi sensory materials.
Benefits of teaching aids
They reduce the barriers of communication. They help the teaching of ‘hard to understand principles’, adds to clarity, develop scientific attitude. They provide significant gains in information, learning, retention and recall. They create interest in students
characteristics of teaching aids-They should be MEANINGFUL AND PURPOSEFUL,ACCURATE,SIMPLE,CHEAP,
UPTO DATE, EASILY PORTABLE, LARGE ENOUGH TO BE SEEN BY STUDENTS
CLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDS
PROJECTED AIDS, NON-PROJECTED AIDS and ACTIVITY AIDS
PROJECTED AIDS
LCD projector, FILMS,FILM STRIPS ,OPAQUE PROJECTOR
OVERHEAD PROJECTOR,SLIDE PROJECTOR
LCD PROJECTOR
PRESENT A TOPIC IN THE CLASSROOM OR IN FRONT OF LARGE AUDIENCE.
COMPUTER MADE SLIDES ARE USED. REAL WORLD SITUATIONS INTO CLASSROOM BY WAY OF MOVIES
FILMS-TOPICS INVOLVING MOTION CAN BE BEST PRESENTED BY FILM
- FILMS COMPEL SUSTAINED ATTENTION
- FILMS CAN INFLUENCE AND CHANGE ATTITUDE.
LIMITATIONS-COST, highly trained teachers are required
FILM STRIPS-Non- inflammable safety films which are 35 mm wide are used in film strips. 12 to 48 picture frames arranged in a sequence. They have a theme
OPAQUE PROJECTOR
This device displays opaque materials by shining a bright lamp on to the object, book pages, drawings, specimens can be shown. it is also called epidiascope.
OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
This device projects diagram written in transparent plates on to a screen. They save time and makes teaching impressive. They can project diagram written in transparent plates on to a screen
SLIDE PROJECTOR
They can project photographs related to the topic. The slides are developed in celluloid. The slides are project on a screen. 100 or more slides inserted in sequential order.
NON- PROJECTED AIDS
GRAPHIC AIDS, DISPLAY BOARDS,3-D AIDS,AUDIO AIDS
- GRAPHIC AIDS-
CARTOONS-a form of graphic representation, make use of symbolism
- hold exagerration to convey message , 2-d illustrated visual art
CHARTS-combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical material
- presents clear visual summary
COMICS-visual medium used to expose idea via images
- combined with text or visual information
- any amusing person gesture is given importance
DIAGRAMS-2d geometric symbolic representation of information
- graphic visual description of a process
FLASH CARDS-It is a set of cards bearing information as words or numbers on both sides. They are used in classroom drills or private study
GRAPHS-representation of a set of numerical relationship
2 DISPLAY BOARDS
BLACK BOARD,BULLETIN,FLANNEL BOARD,MAGNETIC BOARD,PEG BOARD
BLACK BOARDS- tips for the effective use of board
- keep it clean, start from top left corner, write important points, rub horizontally
advantages-convenient ,economical, capture attention
limitation-constant use makes the board smooth and causes sound and leads to glaring
it is dull, inhalation of chalk powder affect health
BULLETIN/ NOTICEBOARD-surface intended to dislay public messages
FLANNEL BOARD-uses a board covered with flannel fabric, resting on an easel
MAGNETIC BOARD-used as that of flannel board cut outs with magnetised backs used on a metallic surface
PEG BOARD-board perforated with a pattern of holes to accept pegs or hooks to support various items
- 3D-AIDS
- DIAROMAS,MODELS,MOCK UP’S
DIAROMA
3d model of a landscape, event which incorporates a group of modelled objects in a natural setting
MODELS
Copies of real objects, give correct concept of object. There are solid models, cross sectional models and working model.
MOCK UPS- it is a working replica of the object .a certain element of original reality is highlighted
- AUDIO AIDS
AUDIO-AIDS:The first category of aids is Audio-Aids. Audio-aids help in developing the listening skill of an educand. Audio-aids are those aids which can be only listened. Examples, of such types of aids include, radio, gramophone, tape recorder, audio-tapes, walkman, and headphones etc.
(I) TAPE RECORDER:
A tape recorder consists mainly of three parts-the microphone, the amplifier and the receiver. The talks of eminent personalities, educationists, academicians and scientists can be recorded and reproduced in the classroom through this teaching aid. The important merit of this audio-teaching aid is that the speech of a person can be recorded at any time and it can be used for a number of times at will, again and again.
(II) RADIO:Radio programmes can be categorised into two types. One type of radio programme is called education radio-broadcasts, which provides opportunity to the teachers and students to listen to the programme and take notes on them. The teachers should discuss the programme, the main points of the radio lesson, the lecture, the dialogue and the characters, etc., with the students to supplement, evaluate and consolidate their learning.
The other type of radio programmes are those where a general discussion or information on social issues, health and diseases, culture and life, about the events happening around the world etc. are broadcasted. As a follow-up activity, these programmes also supplement the presentation of a teacher in the classroom, whenever they are deemed fit for the discourse.
(III)AUDIO-CASSETTES: Audio-cassettes can be used for recitations of nursery rhymes, poems and stories, etc.
ACTIVITY AIDS
museum- dimnish barriers of language, entertainment, fun
planetorium- display on the ceiling of dome, sound effects, taped narration
nature calender-yearly record of daily observations
field trips-according to hedger ken field trip may be defined as “an educational procedure by which the student studies firsthand objects and materials in their natural environment.”
demonstrations-the demonstration method teaches by explanation and exhibition.
experiments-an experiment is a learning activity in which students collect and interpret
observations using measuring instruments to reach some conclusions.
Dramatizations-Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the class room instruction lively and interesting. When a teacher dramatizes a lesson, the students become both the spectators and participants. This makes learning easy and permanents.
WHAT IS AN INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD?
An interactive whiteboard is a touch-sensitive screen that works in conjunction with a computer and a projector. The first interactive whiteboard was manufactured by SMART Technologies Inc. 1991. Educators were the first people to recognize the interactive whiteboard’s potential as a tool for collaboration, improving student learning outcomes and streamlining lesson planning. Educators continue to comprise the largest user base for this technology, particularly in the US and United Kingdom.
Interactive whiteboards are an effective way to interact with digital content and multimedia in a multi- person learning environment. Learning activities with an interactive whiteboard may include, but are not limited to the following:
- Manipulating text and images
- Making notes in digital ink
- Saving notes for later review by using e-mail, the web or print
- Viewing websites as a group
- Demonstrating or using software at the front of a room without being tied to a computer
- Creating digital lesson activities with templates, images and multimedia
- Writing notes over educational video clips
- Using presentation tools that are included with the white boarding software to enhance learning materials
- Showing student presentations
Simply it can be said that an Interactive whiteboard is an instructional tool that allows computer images to be displayed onto board using a digital projector. The instructor can then manipulate the elements onto the board using his finger as a mouse, directly on the screen. Items can be dragged, clicked and copied and the lecturer can handwrites notes, which can be transformed into text and saved.
They are powerful tool in the classroom adding interactivity and collaboration, allowing the interaction of media content into the lecture and supporting collaborative learning. Used innovatively they create a wide range of learning opportunities. However, in many environments they are not being used to their full potential, and in many cases acting as glorified blackboards.
An interactive whiteboard can be cost saver as this technology demonstrates how one computer can provide learning stimuli for a whole classroom. This is more cost effective than equipping an entire IT room, or every student with a laptop. Examples of the features available when using an interactive whiteboard:
Highlight text, Add notes and drawings and then save them to be printed out and shared, or added to a virtual learning environment., Show pictures and educational videos to the whole lecture theatre, label parts or highlight elements of an image., Demonstrate the content available on a website in a teacher-directed activity.
Interactive whiteboards as a pedagogical tool
This type of tool promotes creative teaching and motivates students into absorbing information. Teaching with an interactive whiteboard allows lectures to accommodate all different lg styles:
- Tactile learners get to touch and move things around the board. They can also make notes and highlight elements.
- Visual learner benefit from a clear view of what is happening on the board.
- Audio learner can participate in a class discussion
- In medical studies, the lecture can show a photograph or a picture of a body. Then, they can annotate it, adding labels to demonstrate the key aspects. The finished drawing can be saved and handed out to students or uploaded to the university’s VLE system.
- The teacher can call upon the student to interact with the whiteboard themselves. The lecturer can sit at the computer, with the student at the whiteboard, and the class offering suggestions and contributing ideas.
- Interactive whiteboard promote group discussion and participation. They are effective tool for brainstorming as notes made on the screen can be turned into text, and saved to be shared and distributed later.
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